HETI Journal Repository

2023 onwards: Print ISSN: 2811-6119, Online ISSN:2811-6127
Pre 2023: Online ISSN: 2811-6135

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Laura Dennis, Ruth J. Martin, Peter K. McGregor
2023
Mental Health
Equine Assisted Activities are used in a wide variety of situations to improve human well-being.  This study investigated the...
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Equine Assisted Activities are used in a wide variety of situations to improve human well-being.  This study investigated the effect of Equine Assisted Activities on the mental well-being of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder -diagnosed war-veterans using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale over three one-week phases. Veterans self-reported before and after each phase of intervention; the responses from the initial questionnaire were considered to be the baseline for future comparison.  After one week (5 days) of equine assisted activities, 31 veterans' responses were significantly more positive than the starting baseline for the majority of questionnaire items.  Participation decreased to 17 for week two, and 12 for week three with fewer significant differences recorded.  Researchers concluded that results showed that Equine Assisted Activities increased mental well-being, with the biggest differences occurring in the initial intervention phase suggesting one week is an efficient intervention in this context.
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Annika Barzen
2023
Learning and Psychoeducation
Mental Health
In this study, 20 qualitative children’s interviews were conducted and evaluated using the grounded theory method to investigate the...
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In this study, 20 qualitative children’s interviews were conducted and evaluated using the grounded theory method to investigate the following research question: What is relevant from the perspective of the surveyed children about equine-assisted interventions? To reconstruct the children’s perspective, drawings painted by the children during each interview had been collected as another means of expression. The consideration of the children’s perspective has received little attention in research so far and this methodological access gave an insight into children’s experiences and thus, into the effects of the interventions. The interviews were analyzed with the qualitative grounded theory methodology and the segment analysis of the drawings offered additional material.  The interviewed children took part in the equine-assisted intervention for emotional stabilization, because they had been exposed to increased psychosocial stress, like growing up in residential groups for children and youth welfare and not with their parents. The interviews revealed that, from the children’s point of view, it is of particular importance to the experience that they can trust others and trust themselves as well. Trust in others is supported by the pedagogical riding instructor, who ensured the safety of the animal. The positive experiences with the animal and the resulting trust had a positive effect on the children. If the intervention took place in a group, the children experienced mutual support. The children’s self-confidence was mainly strengthened by learning new things in the equine-assisted setting. At the beginning of the intervention, it was often necessary to overcome fears and in further intervention, there were always new challenges to be conquered with the support of the riding instructor, so that various experiences of success arose and the children felt able to act.
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Sanna Mattila-Rautiainen,Roisin Brennan, Nicolas Emond, Vera Horne, Gabriela Volpe, Karina Arrieta, Alexandra Stergiou
2023
Education and Training
Internationally there are an abundance of terms used to describe and differentiate the various services offered within the sector of...
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Internationally there are an abundance of terms used to describe and differentiate the various services offered within the sector of human and equine interactions, these terms are also used either interchangeably relevant to the same or different services.  Cultural differences appear to complicate this further. Daily operation of an organization without clear definition of the terms used can be confusing both to the members within the organization and for the stakeholders outside of it. A need for a common terminology would help international discussion, practice, education, and research. A mixed methods study was designed which utilized a survey design translated into 8 different languages. The analyzed results from 136 international survey respondents suggests that terms have both cultural and methodical differences that need more clarification for international understanding and unison. It is proposed that a common denominator of all services internationally should be found and for better understanding more detailed coding should be developed.
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Valerie Hoermann, Michael L Burger
2023
Learning and Psychoeducation
Mental Health
Veterans returning home after deployment and active military personnel have been members of a highly vulnerable population for whom trauma...
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Veterans returning home after deployment and active military personnel have been members of a highly vulnerable population for whom trauma, suicide, domestic issues, substance abuse, crime, and homelessness have been complicating factors. Equine-assisted psychotherapy (EAP) has gained in popularity as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental illnesses Veterans experience. It has drawn attention from federal agencies, but the literature pertaining to the best and most effective techniques and practices is unclear or nonexistent. We conducted this study to (a) analyze licensed equine-assisted mental health therapists’ (LMHT) observations regarding the relative efficacy of EAP in mitigating or eliminating PTSD symptoms in Veterans, and (b) help LMHTs adopt and implement a set of best practices with respect to EAP for U.S. Veterans who suffer from PTSD. We hoped the answers to both of those inquiries would improve understanding and practices associated with using EAP as a treatment for PTSD. The 31 LMHTs who participated reported that EAP worked best for PTSD (as a stand-alone therapy) when compared to 10 other mental health disorders. They did not think EAP worked as well for clients whose diagnosis included schizophrenia. Typically, sessions consisted of one client (although the size of the treatment group did not impact EAP’s effectiveness). The sessions typically ran from one to two hours. We recommend the establishment of a clearing house that provides information on the relative effectiveness of different practices, and that other researchers examine the long-term effects of preferred treatments on Veterans.
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Shelby A. Bouthillier, Elizabeth Achtem, John Meldrum, Viviene A. Temple
2023
Mental Health
Therapeutic Riding
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Τhe present study examined how therapeutic riding contributed to social connectedness among children with disabilities and their families using a sequential mixed-method design. Administration of the quantitative Connectedness to Setting Scale questionnaire preceded semi-structured in-person interviews. Participants were 12 parents and 3 instructors at a therapeutic riding centre. Parents indicated their children felt highly socially connected; reflecting a sense of comfort and safety, feelings of protection, understanding, acceptance, and connection to both the people and setting. Two major themes arose from the face-to-face interviews, communication as social connectedness and social connectedness as a mediator. Feelings of social connectedness appeared to mediate the relationship between adverse factors preceding a therapeutic riding lesson and the experience of that lesson. Parents explained that their child’s feelings of social connectedness helped them deal with daily obstacles that could adversely affect their therapeutic riding experience such as upsets at school, cold weather, and changes to staffing and horses. Our findings revealed that parents had high expectations of communication and social connectedness, and that the context of therapeutic riding can be more than a place to ride a horse, it can be a place of belonging.
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Isabel Stolz, Volker Anneken, Vera Tillmann, Ingo Froboese
2023
Therapeutic Riding
Different forms of physical, mental, and psychosocial therapy approaches with the involvement of horses were established historically and include various...
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Different forms of physical, mental, and psychosocial therapy approaches with the involvement of horses were established historically and include various subdisciplines of therapeutic practice on the horse. In the international discourse, subdisciplines are not clearly distinguished when describing therapy content, processes and goals, which could lead to a lack of clarity in understanding for the professional and public community. Disciplines are united by the holistic, resource-orientated view, considering biopsychosocial aspects for an improvement of the performance of activities and participation. Therapeutic objectives focus on function-orientated physiological or psychosocial approaches depending on underlying therapeutic schools and therapeutic orientations, which should be distinguished more clearly in the international discourse. This explorative study aims to contribute to the development of theory in the scientific discourse, based on a German perspective. For this purpose, commonalities, and differences between Therapeutic Riding and subdisciplines have been elaborated based on four focus groups with experts and therapists using qualitative content analysis (in total 17 participants). The results stress that therapy processes are based on common movement-specific principles such as the movement dialogue and relational triangle between the client, the therapist and the horse, from which the different approaches focus on differentiated targets in mental, motor and psychosocial areas. Common clear-cut terminology and standardization in therapy could differentiate targets and intended effects of therapeutic riding more precisely. This could contribute to clarifying effect factors for certain target groups and increase evidence-based assessment of therapy outcomes. 
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15.00
2023
Journal
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Hard Copy of the HETI Journal: International Research and Practice 2023

35.00

Category:

This journal comprises 6 research papers on various topics such as Terminology, Therapeutic Riding and mental health. The abstracts for these papers are available in the journal repository. Please ensure to include your full address in English for postage.

Additional information

Year

2023

DOI

https://doi.org/10.58862/YOAR2821

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Madeline Goldberg, Amanda Gonzalez, Bertha Ben Khallouq, Manette Monroe,
2016/2017
Learning and Psychoeducation
PROBLEM: Cultivating mindfulness and empathy skills in physicians can reduce medical error, improve accuracy of diagnoses, and improve patient compliance (...
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PROBLEM: Cultivating mindfulness and empathy skills in physicians can reduce medical error, improve accuracy of diagnoses, and improve patient compliance (Beach, et al., 2013). There is a debate among medical educators as to whether these skills can be taught. INTERVENTION: The Medicine and Horsemanship (M&H) program (Kane, 2007) uses equine- assisted learning (EAL) to teach emotional wellbeing and communication skills to medical students. This program is being used at the University of Central Florida College of Medicine (UCF COM). For this study, all participants completed pre- and post-intervention surveys including: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and Experiences Questionnaire (EQ), which measured mindfulness, while the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) measured empathy. In addition, the intervention group completed a qualitative survey and debrief data was collected. OUTCOME: Medical students who completed the M&H program had significantly higher post-intervention mindfulness scores in the subscales of nonreactivity and decentering, compared to controls. The M&H program is an innovative method for improving mindfulness among medical students. LESSONS LEARNED: With ten students per cohort, several iterations of the program would be necessary for significant analysis of outcomes. Due to the relatively small number of volunteers, participants could not be randomly assigned. Analysis of baseline differences did not show significant differences between intervention and controls, adding strength to our conclusions.
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Kathryn M. Loukas, Kirstin Russell, Nicole Trifone, Angela Brunette, Josefine Balasz, Laura Crossley-Marra, Sarah Durgin, Sarah Bronson,
2016/2017
Therapeutic Riding
This qualitative study sought to identify the meaning individuals associate with equine- assisted activities (EAA), including riders, parents of riders...
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This qualitative study sought to identify the meaning individuals associate with equine- assisted activities (EAA), including riders, parents of riders, and volunteers participating in a therapeutic riding program through semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed using phenomenological methods to find broad and role specific themes associated with EAA. Results suggest that doing, being, and belonging (Wilcock, 1998), all aspects of what the American Occupational Therapy Association defines as the daily life activities in which people engage, referred to as occupations (American Occupational Therapy Association, 2014), were common themes experienced among those participating in EAA.
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Sara Mirzabeigi Fini, Yaser Kazemzadeh, Yahya Sokhanguei
2016/2017
Hippotherapy
The term hippotherapy refers to how occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech- language pathology professionals use evidence-based practice and...
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The term hippotherapy refers to how occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech- language pathology professionals use evidence-based practice and clinical reasoning in the purposeful manipulation of equine movement to engage sensory, neuromotor, and cognitive systems to achieve functional outcomes (American Hippotherapy Association, 2016). This paper discusses the effect of 14 weeks of hippotherapy on static balance, dynamic balance and reaction time of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. The participants consisted of 24 males between 7-18 years old, diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and randomly placed in experimental and control groups (N=12 for each group). The experimental group participated in 14 weeks of hippotherapy sessions. The control group did not engage in any hippotherapy or any physical activity outside of their ordinary life during the research period. The statistical analysis shows significance in the scores of the static and dynamic balance of the experimental group versus the control group as compared with the time before the exercises (p=0.0001), (p=0.019). In contrast, no significant change was seen in the reaction time scores of the participants as compared with the time before hippotherapy intervention (p=0.123). The result shows that 14 sessions of hippotherapy had a positive effect on static and dynamic balance of people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, with improvement in balance systems and physical statue, especially flexibility and strength, but shows no specific changes in the score of reaction time.
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